Simulated scenarios of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy) - version 2, simulations with 10-m resolution topo-bathymetry - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Simulated scenarios of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy) – version 2, simulations with 10-m resolution topo-bathymetry

Example of the inundated area from one of the database scenarios for a) the entire Stromboli island and b) a zoom on Stromboli village. The map illustrates water depth in meters above ground level. Coordinates are expressed in the UTM-WGS84 33N coordinate system.

Creative commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Mattia de’ Michieli Vitturi¹, Alessandro Tadini¹, Andrea Bevilacqua¹, Juan F. Rodríguez Gàlvez^1,2, Matteo Cerminara¹, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro¹, Augusto Neri¹, Matteo Trolese¹, Jorge Macías², Manuel J. Castro², Cipriano Escalante², Sergio Ortega², J. M. González-Vida²

¹Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
²Universidad de Málaga, EDANYA Group, Malaga, Spain

How to cite

de’ Michieli Vitturi, M., Tadini, A., Bevilacqua, A., Rodríguez Gàlvez, J. F., Cerminara, M., Esposti Ongaro, T., Neri, A., Trolese, M., Macìas-Sanchez, J., Castro Diaz, M. J., Escalante, Cipriano, C., Ortega Acosta, S., & González Vida, J. M. (2026). Simulated scenarios of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy) – version 2, simulations with 10-m resolution topo-bathymetry (Version 1) [Data set]. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). https://doi.org/10.13127/STROMBOLI/SCIARA_DEL_FUOCO_TSUNAMI_2026_10M

Abstract

This database, together with the one presented in de’ Michieli Vitturi et al. (2026), represents an update and extension of the dataset introduced in Cerminara et al. (2024). It contains a suite of numerical simulations of volcanic mass movement scenarios and the resulting tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation along the shores of Stromboli (Esposti Ongaro et al., 2021; 2025). All scenarios are computed using Multilayer-HySEA (Macías et al., 2021), a multilayer, depth-averaged, non-hydrostatic numerical model capable of simulating granular avalanche dynamics, their interaction with the sea, and the generation and propagation of water waves. The wave dispersion over complex bathymetries is captured by the shallow-water model by using 3 layers for the water phase. With respect to Cerminara et al. (2024) and de’ Michieli Vitturi et al. (2026), the code features few modifications that are:

a new definition of the Riemann solver to improve the stability of the code;
an improved version of the iterative solver used to enforce the divergence-free condition;
a new vertical linear viscosity model, together with a correction of the Manning friction coefficient to account for the increasing number of layers. Both mechanisms contribute to improved run-up convergence as the number of layers increases.

Differently from Cerminara et al. (2024) and de’ Michieli Vitturi et al. (2026), in this database, we have used a new 10-m resolution topo-bathymetry that consists of:

topography derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) survey carried out in 2023 (Bisson et al., 2025);
bathymetry provided by the Hydrographic Institute of the Italian Navy;

The two source data were then resampled at 10-m from their original resolution and merged. It has also been applied a kriging interpolation to integrate the portion of bathymetry that was missing between the coastline and the beginning of the bathymetry data.

In total, simulations are done considering 14 landslides volumes, ranging from 1×10⁶ and 40×10⁶ m³, 11 vertical elevations from 500 m above to -580 m under the sea level and densities of 1667, 2000 and 2500 kg/m³ (i.e. density contrasts of 0.6, 0.5, and 0.4, with respect to water density). In total, the database consists of 462 scenarios.

For each scenario, maps of the maximum wave height above sea level, arrival times of the first positive peak, inundation height above the ground and water depth are provided, together with the waveforms at selected sampling points, including those of the two sensor-equipped buoys installed offshore the Sciara del Fuoco. A subset of the simulations of this database has been used to develop probabilistic tsunami inundation maps in de’ Michieli Vitturi et al. (submitted), whose development has been described in Tadini et al. (submitted) and de’ Michieli Vitturi et al. (submitted). The simulations have been developed within the “Convenzione Attuativa per il potenziamento delle attività di servizio, Task 2.2” in the framework of “Accordo Quadro DPC-INGV 2022-2025”. This database does not necessarily represent official views and policies of the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile.

REFERENCES

Bisson, M., Gianardi, R., Civico, R., Madonia, P., Ricci. T., Spinetti, C. (2025), Stromboli DSM 2023 [Dataset]. INGV Ufficio Dati. https://doi.org/10.13127/stromboli/airborne-lidar-2023.
Cerminara M., Esposti Ongaro T., De’ Michieli Vitturi M., Tadini A., Trolese M., Fornaciai A., Nannipieri L., Rodriguez Galvez J. F. (2024). Simulated scenarios of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). version 1 [Data set]. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). https://doi.org/10.13127/stromboli/sciara_del_fuoco_tsunami
de’ Michieli Vitturi M., Tadini A., Bevilacqua A., Rodriguez Gàlvez J. F., Cerminara M., Esposti Ongaro T., Neri A., Trolese M., Macías J., Castro M. J., Escalante C., Ortega S., González-Vida J. M. (2026). Simulated scenarios of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy) – version 2, simulations with 20-m resolution topo-bathymetry. [Dataset]. INGV Ufficio Dati.
de’ Michieli Vitturi M., Tadini A., Bevilacqua A., Rodriguez Gàlvez J. F., Cerminara M., Esposti Ongaro T., Neri A., Trolese M., Macías J., Castro M. J., Escalante C., Ortega S., González-Vida J. M. (submitted). Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at Stromboli volcano: 2. New simulation database and probabilistic inundation maps and curves.
Esposti Ongaro T., de’ Michieli Vitturi M., Cerminara M., Macías J., Castro M.J., Ortega S., González-Vida J.M. (2021). Modeling Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): A Numerical Benchmark Study. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9(May), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.628652
Esposti Ongaro T., Cerminara M., de’ Michieli Vitturi M., Tadini A., Trolese M., Fornaciai A., Nannipieri L., Calusi B., Macías J., Castro M.J., Escalante C., Ortega S., González-Vida J.M., Rodriguez Galvez J.F. (2025) Modeling and numerical simulation of volcanic mass movements and associated tsunamis at Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). Frontiers in Earth Science, 13:1548961. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1548961.
Macías J., Escalante C., Castro M.J. (2021). Multilayer-HySEA model validation for landslide-generated tsunamis – Part 2: Granular slides. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 21(2), 791–805. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-791-2021
Tadini A., Bevilacqua A., de’ Michieli Vitturi M., Bonilauri E., Harris A., Cerminara M., Esposti Ongaro T., Neri A., Paris R., Pistolesi M., Trolese M., Rodriguez Gàlvez J. F., Andronico D., Bertagnini A., Calvari S., Casalbore D., Cassidy M., Civico R., Del Bello E., Di Roberto A., Fornaciai A., Grezio A., Gurioli L., Harbitz C. B., Lacanna G., Løvholt F., Marani M., Pompilio M., Ricci T., Rosi M., Sandri L., Urgeles R., Voloschina M. (submitted). Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at Stromboli volcano: 1. Review of historical sources and expert elicitation findings

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