Catalog of major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from 1970 to 2023 – Data Base
Events not characterized as paroxysms, major explosions or seismic sequences
| 1970-1979 | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 1972 | 10 | 22 | 06:00 | seismic sequence | - | - | 10 minutes, 20 EQs | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1972 - Nappi; Lo Bascio et al. 1973: BullVolc37; Capaldi et al. 1978: BullVolc4; Falsaperla et al. 1994 - ActaVulc5 |
| 1972 | 12 | 4 | ? | major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | - | Air shock breaks a few windows in Scari | CS | ash, sand, scoriae | spatter, bombs large fragments of old lava fell above San Bartolo | yes (4 months later) trail to Il Pizzo covered by 20-30 cm lapilli at 750 m asl large blocks inside crater terrace | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1972 - Nappi; Nappi 1975: BollSGeoIta94 Nappi 1976: Nature261 |
| 1972 | 12 | 14 | ? | uncertain major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | - | Strong roar in Scari | CS | - | Only Sciara del Fuoco | cumulative products with 4/12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1972 - Nappi |
| 1974 | 9 | 19 | 00:10 | major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | two explosions separated by 10s | Air shock recorded at Panarea, Lipari, Vulcano, Novara People are awakened in the village and exit their houses | N | max. H = 1 km (?) | - | yes, destroyed scoria cones, enlarged craters, deep changes in the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1974 - Nappi; Nappi 1975: BollSGeoIta94 Nappi 1976: BollSGeoIta95 Nappi 1976: Nature261 |
| 1975 | 11 | 4 | 20:30 | uncertain major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993 (major explosion); Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (uncertain major explosion) | - | - | Strong roar in Scari | N+CS | pine-shaped ash cloud 800 m high | - | yes, ten largest blocks of the ejecta: 10 kg at a site 0.1 km distant from the source | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1975 - Nappi; Nappi 1976: BollSGeoIta95 Nappi 1976: Nature261 |
| 1975 | 11 | 5 | 11:45 +14:30 | uncertain major explosion | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | - | - | N+CS | pine shaped ash clouds 800 and 900 m high max. H = 1 km (?) area 12.5 km2 Mean thick. 0.02 m ashfall in the village lasting until 8/12 | explosions threw lava fragments and scoriae to a maximum height of 700 m | cumulative products with 4/11 | - | - | only ash fall and lava flow | - | - | yes, two lava flows started after the explosions from 5/11/1975 to 24/11/1975 | BVE 1975 - Nappi; Nappi 1976: BollSGeoIta95 Nappi 1976: Nature261 |
| 1976 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.3 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1976 - Nappi | ||
| 1977 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1978 - Nappi | ||
| 1978 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1978 - Nappi | ||
| 1979 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.5 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1979 - Nappi | ||
| 1980-1989 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 1980 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.5 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1980 - Nappi | |||
| 1981 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.4 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1981 - Nappi | |||
| 1982 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.2 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1982 - Nappi | |||
| 1983 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.4 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1983 - Nappi | |||
| 1984 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.7 km (?) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1984 - Nappi | |||
| 1985 | 6 | 27 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla&Spampinato 2003 | ||
| 1985 | 12 | 6 | 08:10 | uncertain major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020 (major explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | - | microshock at 23:32 on 5/12; explosive phase between 7:45 and 8:10 on 6/12 | soundless explosions | N | An eruptive cloud, initially dark and ash laden, was seen to rise up to 2 km above the cone then becoming a plume of white steam max. H = 2 km (?) area 0.5 km2 Mean thick. 0.001 m Volume: 5 x 10^3 m3 The eruptive plume, carried by the wind towards the east, produced and ashfall deposit a few mm thick on the upper part of the volcano | beginning of the effusive phase was preceded by minor explosions with the ejection of blocks, ash and vapours | ash blanket, observed on the morning of 8 December, was brownish in colour, fine-grained and slightly moist, although not adhesive on the ground. Millimetric aggregates of whitish ash were noticed in the marginal part of the area of dispersal as scattered whitish dots on the dark sandy ground. bombs or blocks or fresh impact structures were absent | - | - | only ash fall and lava flow | photo of the hot avalanche | a small nuée ardente descended the NW flank's Sciara del Fuoco composed mainly of old fumarolized material | newly formed eruptive trough, ~100 m long, developed from the easternmost vent (825 m asl) roughly NE down to 680 m asl lava flow emerged at 680m.a.s.l. from 6/12/1985 to 25/4/1986 | BVE 1985 - Rosi&Sbrana; SEAN - Rosi&Sbrana; De Fino et al. 1987 - BollGNV Rosi&Sbrana 1987 - RendItaPM42; De Fino et al. 1988 - RendItaPM43; BGVN; Stromboli Online; Personal Comm. - Mauro Rosi |
| 1986 | 4 | 23 | ? | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes | - | N | Phreatomagmatic explosions occurred at the end of the intensive phase max. H = 0.5 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ongoing | BVE 1986 - Nappi&Renzulli |
| 1987 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.5 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1987- Nappi&Renzulli | ||
| 1988 | 8 | 30 | 01:12 | major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence) | - | yes, published seismogram, "saturated" strongest shock recorded at the Ginostra station and by all the seismographs of the Aeolian Islands Seismic Network | strongest explosion, which was felt to the inhabitants of the island | - | max. H = 0.5 km (?) | it did not cause great morphological variations of the crater area or changes in volcanic activity similarly to 26/3/89 and 18/6/90 it produced bombs and lapilli fallout on the volcano summit and on the Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1988 – Nappi et al.; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Langer & Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147 |
| 1989 | 3 | 7 | 00:51 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram notable increment m the amplitude of volcanic tremor | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1989 - Nappi et al.; SEAN - Falsaperla et al. Falsaperla et al. 1989 - BollGNV; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Falsaperla et al. 1994 - ActaVulc5 |
| 1989 | 3 | 20 | 02:22 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram notable increment m the amplitude of volcanic tremor | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1989 - Nappi et al.; SEAN - Falsaperla et al. Falsaperla et al. 1989 - BollGNV; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Falsaperla et al. 1994 - ActaVulc5 |
| 1989 | 3 | 26 | 07:27 | major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence) | Tourists nearby were hit by the shower of tephra. No one was directly injured, but a girl fell and broke her arm. | yes, published seismogram notable increment m the amplitude of volcanic tremor | - | N | A grey to white eruption cloud was seen to rise up to 1 km above the Crater Terrace max. H = 1 km (?) ma. H (IIV) = 3 km | Lapilli and scoria were thrown up and distributed over a fan-shaped area to NE to S of the crater extending up to more than 1 km away The incandescent material reached the height of 500-550 m above the Crater Terrace, falling beyond "Il Pizzo" | larger lithic blocks were spread out within an area of a few tens of meters from the crater. | - | Small fires broke out in the shrubby vegetation on the NE slope. | - | photos of the eruptive cloud and telephotos of the ballistic projectiles | - | - | BVE 1989 - Nappi et al.; SEAN - Falsaperla et al. Falsaperla et al. 1989 - BollGNV; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Falsaperla et al. 1994 - ActaVulc5; BGVN; Stromboli Online |
| 1989 | 4 | 3 | 18:23 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram notable increment m the amplitude of volcanic tremor | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1989 - Nappi et al.; SEAN - Falsaperla et al. Falsaperla et al. 1989 - BollGNV; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Falsaperla et al. 1994 - ActaVulc5 |
| 1990-1994 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 1990 | 6 | 18 | 15:12 | major explosion | Barberi et al. 1993; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major esplosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence) | - | yes, published seismogram, "saturated" 6 shocks in a few seconds | Strong detonations were audible from the villages | CS | dense ash cloud rose above the summit crater area and was visible from San Bartolo village max. H = 0.5 km (?) | Ejecta fell onto the NW flank's Sciara del Fuoco | The crater area (Il Pizzo) was visited during the morning of the following day and still hot scoriae were sampled The wall between craters 2 and 3 collapsed | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1990 - Nappi et al.; Falsaperla&Villari 1991 - BollGeoTA32; Falsaperla 1991 - ActaVulc1; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147; BGVN - Riuscetti et al. |
| 1991 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | max. H = 0.4 km | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1991 - Nappi et al. | ||
| 1992 | 7 | 20 | 01:13 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | No danger or injured was reported. | yes, five explosion-quakes temporal increase in tremor amplitude, lasted a little bit less than 3 minutes moderate energy release, only recorded at Ginostra | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1992 - Nappi et al.; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Falsaperla&Cardaci 1994 - ActaVulc6; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147 |
| 1992 | 9 | 1 | 05:00 | major explosion | Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | unavailable | - | N | grey eruption cloud, some hundreds of meters high, seen by S. Vincenzo max. H = 0.5 km (?) | juvenile basaltic ejecta were thrown behind the "Pizzo" | spatter cone grown in 1991 was destroyed During summit visits on September 4-5 spindle-shaped scoriae up to 50 cm long were observed along the footpath just before reaching the "Pizzo" (850-900 m asl). | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1992 - Nappi et al. |
| 1993 | 2 | 10 | 16:10: | major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, explosive sequence with 7 main events followed by high-amplitude tremor that lasted for 8 minutes | - | N | "heavy" ashfall occurred about 2 km SW of the summit (Ginostra) max. H = 1 km (?) max. H (IIV) = 3-4 km | lateral blast of reddish lithic material Lithic blocks and lava fragments fell to 1 km from the summit | A fire fountain of highly vesiculated magma took the place of the ash emission, forming a deposit of golden pumiceous spatters that blanketed the northern slope of Crater 1 ash fall samples collected on the southern slope near to the Ginostra village. The ash is coarse grained and red -brownish 10 kg bomb found at a site 0.3 km from the source | yes | - | - | - | hot avalanches in the Sciara del Fuoco leaving a block and ash deposit on the upper slope | - | BVE 1993 - Bonaccorso et al.; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147; BGVN - Falsaperla&Velardita; Stromboli Online |
| 1993 | 10 | 16 | 01:07 | major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | woman camper heavily wounded on the "Pizzo" synthetic jacket ignited by hot bomb and lapilli fallout | Powerful explosive sequence published seismogram, "saturated" the eruption continued with a sequence of strong Strombolian explosions lasting about 10 minutes | Two sharp blows were heard by the inhabitants during the first minutes | N+CS | ash fall in Piscità Reddish ashes and dust fell on the NW slope of the volcano along the Sciara del Fuoco | trust of lithic material bomb fallout up to 500 m from the vent. product dispersal affected the entire summit area | large blocks and spatters reaching two meters diameter. all over the summit, but also on the path leading up from Stromboli village and on the ridge west of the summit most distant ejecta were observed at a horizontal distance of approximately 600 metres from crater 3 two pit depressions left on the crater bottom | not found | Some bushes caught fire along the slopes | yes, map of the "fresh material" (J. Alean) | several photos of cowpie bombs | - | - | BVE 1993 - Bonaccorso et al.; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147; BGVN - Calvari&Riuscetti; Stromboli Online; Personal communication - Pompilio |
| 1993 | 10 | 30 | ? | seismic sequence | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, only recorded at Ginostra temporary increase in the tremor amplitude lasting several minutes | - | - | - | neither eruptive activity was observed nor new products were found around the vents | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1993 - Bonaccorso et al.; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147; Falsaperla&Cardaci 1998 - ActaVulc10 |
| 1993 | 11 | 4 | ? | seismic sequence | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, only recorded at Ginostra temporary increase in the tremor amplitude lasting several minutes published seismogram | - | - | - | neither eruptive activity was observed nor new products were found around the vents | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BVE 1993 - Bonaccorso et al.; Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36; Langer&Falsaperla 1996 - PAGeoph147; Falsaperla&Cardaci 1998 - ActaVulc10 |
| 1994 | 6 | 4 | ? | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | short sequence of powerful explosions | - | N+CS | Minor ash fallout was found on the summit area | large spatters fell up to 200 m from the vent fire fountain | large spatter formed new spatter ramparts in both Craters 2 and 1 Very few lithic blocks layed around the vents depressions formed in 16/10/1993 were completely filled | - | - | - | - | - | - | Coltelli&Cardaci 1994 - BollGeoTA36 |
| 1995-1999 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 1995 | 3 | 5 | 17:43 | major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, tremor intensity returned to a "normal" level immediately after the explosion | the explosion was strongly felt in the village of Stromboli | - | max. H (IIV) = 2-3 km | explosion threw pyroclastic material high enough to be clearly seen from the village of Stromboli | explosion threw pyroclastic material towards Forgia Vecchia and Fossetta, a depression SW of the crater area In Valletta litics of about 70 cm and bombs of about 1 m. Sampled scoriae on "Pizzo". | yes | - | - | surveillance camera at Pizzo installed in summer 1994 | - | - | BGVN - Carniel et al.; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1995 | 5 | 10 | 22:41 | major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram fast succession of explosion quakes is clearly visible at the onset of the sequence amplitude of tremor was sustained for several minutes, fading very gradually | - | - | - | products included pumices. | yes | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla&Cardaci 1998 - ActaVulc10; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
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| 1996 | 2 | 16 | 23:58 | major explosion | Coltelli et al. 2000; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | - | yes, increased tremor amplitude lasting ~12 minutes | big blast at 23:57 local time woke up people in the village | CS | dark column rose 200-300 m above the craters (?) | incandescent bombs throw and red glow according to the description of the inhabitants | a large area 300 m wide and elongated toward S was covered by scoriaceous cowpie bombs, Pele's hair and fumarolised lithic blocks. A portion of the products was formed by highly vesicular scoria. No major change of the craters shape was observed after the eruption, but the vent that produced these materials was probably in Crater 2 or 3 | not found | - | - | - | - | - | Coltelli et al. 2000 - ActaVulc12; BGVN - Carniel&Coltelli; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1996 | 6 | 1 | 21:47 | major explosion | Coltelli et al. 2000; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | More than twenty tourists were visiting the summit. Some reported light burns caused by lapilli fallout. Seven tourists were sleeping near the summit, and four got injured. | yes, published seismogram | Eyewitnesses in Stromboli village reported on a single strong explosion the explosion was clearly heard and seen from the village of Stromboli | N | max. H (IIV) = 2 km | fallout of red bombs on the upper northern slope The ejected material completely covered the summit, falling more than 500 m away toward S and E and reaching the vegetation 1,000 m in the N sector. very large blocks thrown to a considerable distance from the craters, especially into the zone of the "Canneto", uphill from the village of Stromboli-San Bartolo | the explosion occurred at Crater 1. The chain of hornitos inside this crater was blown out, leaving a large deep depression in the north side of the crater floor. The deposit was made of black scoriaceous bombs, covered by Pele's hair, reddish blocks, and a minor amount of ash. On the "Pizzo'' (250 m SE from the craters), the falling bombs were 10-50 cm in size and covered the area with a density of 3-4 bombs per m2 | not found | Incandescent bombs fell on vegetation, causing a fire that was extinguished by Civil Defense aircraft in the late morning of June 2 | yes, map of the bombs towards NE (P. Cottens ) | photo of the fires | - | - | Coltelli et al. 2000 - ActaVulc12; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1996 | 6 | 6 | 04:52 | major explosion | Coltelli et al. 2000; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence) | - | strong seismic event from Crater 1 occurred and lasted ~1 minute | - | N | ash column to a few hundred meters high ash emission lasted ~2 minutes | bomb fallout on the Sciara del Fuoco very fast gray-brown jet that ascended at ~30 m/second at the upper limit of the camera view; most of the bomb and block fallout was behind the camera | All pyroclastic materials fell close to the craters but during the larger explosion some bombs were thrown a few hundred meters from the vents | - | - | - | surveillance camera record located at Pizzo camera had been restored two days earlier | - | - | Coltelli et al. 2000 - ActaVulc12; BGVN – Coltelli&Fulle |
| 1996 | 9 | 4 | 13:43 | major explosion | Coltelli et al. 2000; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion); Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | some tourists were caught by the explosion in the crater area and six of them were slightly injured. After this, the Mayor of Lipari ordered the closure of the path to the craters | - | the explosion was clearly heard and observed from the village of Stromboli | N+CS | black eruptive column, lasted about 45 seconds, that reached about 1 km of altitude above the crater max. H (IIV) = 3-4 km | blast of a bubble of viscous magma that expanded over the northernmost part of the crater causing the radial fallout of large spatters | The areas close to the craters and the flanks of the volcano (to 700 m a.s.l.) were completely covered by scoriaceus and pomiceus bombs and fumarolised lithic blocks (about 500 m from the craters) BS covered the entire summit area with a maximum in dimension (up to 2 m) and density in the E and NE sector, whereas lighter B were blown and fallen in the eastern side of the crater in an area more than 100 wide and stretched towards NE between Pizzo sopra la Fossa and la Fossetta many fumarolized lithic blocks, up to 1 m large, were concentrated the small hornito in Crater 1 was destroyed as well that one in Crater 3 | yes | Scoriaceous hot bombs and lapilli fell in lower parts of the volcano causing also some fires | yes, map of lapilli and bombs (Coltelli et al.) | surveillance camera record damaged by products photos of the column and of the fires | - | intermittent lava flow started 7 days after the event, probably rheomorphic from 16/9/1996 to 20/9/1996 | Coltelli et al. 2000 - ActaVulc12; BGVN – Carniel et al.; Stromboli Online |
| 1997 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Unavailable regular reports | |||
| 1998 | 1 | 16 | 10:11 | major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); | - | - | - | N | max. H (IIV) = 3 km | - | «usual» pyroclastic material had fallen in the neighbourhood of the craters Products distributed between the last "fortino" of STR and the first of GIN. Mostly red lithics and juvenile blocks scarsely vesiculated. Few Pele hair. Rain washed away any ash. One bomb of 1m on "Pizzo" close to the camera. | - | rain extinguished any wildfires | - | - | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80; BGVN - Carniel&Alean; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1998 | 8 | 23 | 15:26 | major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | although a high number of tourists were on the island, no one was hurt The authorities immediately blocked public access to the upper part of the volcano. | yes, published seismogram RD = 85 cm2, 6 min two consecutive strong explosions | - | N+CS | Ash column rising a few hundred meters above the summit sustained jet at the base and a convective top region, rose up to 1 km above the vent light ash cloud is reported after the first dark column, and small lapilli fell over the village of Ginostra | Tracks of large blocks moving radially out from the northern side of Crater 1 at a speed close to 100 m/s were recorded Dispersal of the erupted products showed two lobate fallout areas. The lobe stretching north-northeast was formed of scattered black spatters. The second, an east-southeast trending lobe, was formed of an almost continuous deposit of light-golden pumice, varying in size from bombs 1 m across to fibrous lapilli. bombs on the tourist path down to an altitude of 750 m a.m.s.l. In other directions the bombs fell as low as 500 m a.m.s.l. Ginostra was not affected significantly | Scoriae and black spatter with Pele hair, max. dimension 30-40 cm, were observed above Vallonazzo at 670 to 790 m max. clasts / m2 = 2 At 790 m asl scoriaceous clasts were associated to unaltered blocks, some covered by scoriae. These weren't found on the path towards the elipad. Great black spatters (up to 1 m) fell 50-100 m toward the craters. Yellow pumices between elipad and the craters (up to 20-30 cm size hypothesized before impact). At Pizzo found fine products - millimetric pumice ash and scoriacoeus black lapilli (max. 5-6 cm). Yellow pumices diminished towards SW from Pizzo to crater 3 and disappear at first "fortini" of Ginostra (890 asl). Metric spatter rich in pumice some mixed, become continuous on the ESE side of crater 3. This is interrupted sharply towards S. Yellow pumice fell towards ESE (Rina Grande) up to the beach below "Schicciole" - max. clasts 4-5 cm. Blocks up to 1m size were found from the elipad to the ridge towards crater 3 and on the N side of Fossetta. They were from some meters to tens of meters distant. The explosion also caused significant morphological changes to the rim of Crater 1 towards Semaforo Labronzo. | yes | Several fires were started in the vegetation on the upper volcano slopes (the biggest one, near Forgia Vecchia, was stopped only the following day). Another one in Vallonazzo. | yes, map of the products (Bertagnini et al.) | surveillance camera record and published screenshots photos of the eruptive column | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80; BGVN - Carniel&Alean; Stromboli Online GNV report - Rosi et al. |
| 1998 | 9 | 8 | 17:13 | major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | Ten people were in the summit area: five were at Pizzo, five including the guide (Mario Zaia) were at the "fortini" of Bastimento, 750 m asl. No one was wounded. | yes, published seismogram RD = 117 cm2, 11 min | strong detonation considerable atmospheric shock wave was reported at the village of Stromboli, and broken windows were reported near San Bartolo | N+CS | dark column rose 1 km above the craters second column of similar H after 1 minute | Bombs and lapilli fell and roll in Sciara del Fuoco, on the NE slope (Bastimento) above 500 asl, and on the E slope (Rina Grande) Bombs over Pizzo | Crater 1 was enlraged and broken on the NE side. Other craters did not change significantly. Products affected two sectors of the summit area and Sciara del Fuoco. Two lobes observed are probably related to the craters' morphology. First sector was 200 m wide region towards NE for slightly less than 1 km to the zone of fortini of Bastimento. Second sector was 400 m wide from elipad to Fossetta and towards ESE to Rina Grande. In both sectors products were lapilli and dark scoriaceous bombs (cowpie bombs or stripes). Not found lithics or yellow pumices.Greatest bombs (>1.5 m) fell between elipad and the transmitter of the IIV camera. | not found | Two fires. The first greater at 500-600 m asl between Vallonazzo and Cannestrà. The second at similar elevation between Schicciole and Le Mandre. | - | surveillance camera record and published screenshots photo of flying ballistics from Labronzo trail photos of the fires and of the column photo of large spatter at 500 m from the vent | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80; BGVN - Carniel&Alean; Stromboli Online IIV report - Pompilio |
| 1998 | 9 | 18 | 05:37 | seismic sequence | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes RD = 15 cm2, 12 min | - | - | - | - | Ash explosion. Ash in Scari beach and between elipad and Pizzo. Max close to the fumaroles. Sampled lapilli from the summit and ash from the roof of COA. | - | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla& Spampinato 2003 - JVGR125; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1998 | 11 | 24 | 17:00 | major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram RD = 30 cm2, 15 min | two bangs separated by 5-8 seconds The explosion was not very loud. One of the bangs made the doors and windows tremble | N | little ashfall over the village | pyroclasts clearly seen from the village, reaching estimated heights of at least 700 m over the craters single large blast formed a 300 m high globe of red material followed by two pulses of 150 m high lava spattering, each lasting about 20 s. mountain was incandescent red, for about 15 minutes | the volcano guide Zazà climbed the volcano. He found all the summit covered by yellowish pumice Bombs ejected during the main explosion were mainly pumice, sampled by P. Landi. | yes | - | - | - | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80; BGVN - Harris et al.; Falsaperla& Spampinato 2003 - JVGR125 Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1998 | 12 | 26 | 14:55 | uncertain major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | - | yes RD = 19 cm2, 9 min | - | CS | 300 m high ash plume formed above the fountain, and lapilli fell on the village of Ginostra | a 150 m high lava fountain rose from Crater 3 for 40 s | - | not found | - | - | - | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80 |
| 1998 | 12 | 28 | 01:42 | uncertain major explosion | Bertagnini et al. 1999; Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion) | - | yes RD = 32 cm2, 18 min | - | N+CS | - | single blast from Crater 1 was followed by two lava fountains, one from Crater 1 and one from Crater 3 pyroclasts seen from the village, reaching estimated heights of at least 500 m over the craters | - | not found | - | - | - | - | - | Bertagnini et al. 1999 - Eos80; BGVN - Harris&Pirie |
| 1999 | 3 | 13 | 06:22 | seismic sequence | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes RD = 21 cm2, 12 min | - | CS | - | - | Metric bomb sampled at the base of crater 3/1. Mixed scoriaceous bombs at the other side too. | scoria of mixed composition | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla& Spampinato 2003 - JVGR125; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 1999 | 4 | 9 | 03:00 | uncertain major explosion | Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | The seismic station recorded an event with greater than usual energy, which may have been from one of the explosions | two strong blasts at about 03:00, separated by a few minutes people woke up in Ossidiana Hotel Bad weather did not allow observation of the summit area | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BGVN – Harris&Pirie; Stromboli Online |
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| 1999 | 8 | 25 | 22:56 | major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | the evening tourist group descended the volcano and the night group was still climbing Ten tourists received injuries, mostly because of the sudden run from the craters. A total of seven people were on the summit One woman's hand was hit by scoriae. A girl suffered minor burns on her feet and hands. On the other side of Pizzo another person suffered burns on his belly. | yes RD = 124 cm2, 10 min | - | N+CS | tephra fell over a wide area | a typical explosion preceded a more intense one. Next, a larger explosion came from the vent in front of Crater 2 Pyroclastic material was clearly visible from the village and fell over a wide area, including the path section with the observation points around the 700-m level Also much "cold" material was ejected | numerous scoriaceous bombs on and around the Pizzo sopra la Fossa had flattened upon impact; many had diameters of 20 cm or more. In one case, a bomb had fallen on the rim of one of the primitive shelters made by tourists in the summit area greatest bomb over Pizzo was 50 x 30 cm. | - | Danielle Cottens saw some small fires from Scari. | - | - | - | - | BGVN - Carniel et al.; Stromboli Online |
| 1999 | 10 | 10 | 20:00 | uncertain major explosion | Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | tourist groups climbing the volcano decided to go back The worst damage seems to be a burnt knapsack | - | - | - | - | a significant explosion occurred that ejected ash and scoria onto Pizzo and in the Fossetta | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BGVN - Carniel et al.; Stromboli Online |
| 1999 | 11 | 16 | ? | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla& Spampinato 2003 - JVGR125 |
| 1999 | 12 | 22 | 15:30 | uncertain major explosion | Falsaperla&Spampinato, 2003 (explosive sequence); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes RD = 33 cm2, 6 min | - | - | - | - | 9 June 2000 - Scoria sampled close to "fortino verso Ginostra". Quite fresh and with impact traces nearby. | - | - | - | - | - | - | Falsaperla& Spampinato 2003 - JVGR125; Personal Communication - Pompilio |
| 2000-2004 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 2000 | 7 | 4 | 07:35 | uncertain major explosion | Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes | two explosions separated by 1-2 seconds. | - | Small amount of ash observed. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | intracrateric lava flow occurred between 6/2000 and 5/2001 | BGVN - Harris et al. (a) |
| 2000 | 9 | 6 | 03:54 | uncertain major explosion | Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram (3 mins) | a violent eruption woke up the population | - | The ash cloud from the eruption rose to at least 1 km in altitude | the eruption was in "a vertical direction". Therefore, no fresh bombs were found on Pizzo | - | - | - | - | - | - | possibly | BGVN - Harris et al. (a); Stromboli Online |
| 2001 | 10 | 20 | 00:30 | major explosion | Jaquet&Carniel, 2003 (violent explosion); Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | Dozens of people were on "Pizzo" when the explosion occurred. Other were on Vancori ridge. Two injured people; a German woman, was hit on her head, and died a few days later | yes, published seismogram (3 mins) | Nino Zerilli reports that he got woken up by the explosion | N+CS | - | crater 1 produces intense explosions but products are confined in crater terrace crater 3 ejects several incandescent blocks outside crater terrace fishermen saw, from a distance, glowing rocks ejected by the volcano | Field survey ca. 12 hours after the explosions. Impact craters and lithic blocks, also altered and fumarolized, ca. 20-30 cm size, are observed on the ridges of "Pizzo" towards W and E. Max. density of 1-2 blocks / m2. Max. density and size between "Pizzo" and first "fortini verso Ginostra". To the West some dark vesciculated blocks (max 40 cm) maybe juvenile. Significant morphological changes of crater 3. At 750m s.l.m. was found a block of 1,2 x 0,6 m - still hot a few hors after the event. Other bombs (ca. 20 - 70 cm) found later in Rina Grande, on the trail. A survey by elicopter two weeks after the event. In the NE sector (area Bastimento-Liscione) there are lithic blocks. Also scoriceous bombs juvenili (max 0.3 m). Larger and more frequent clasts (1 every 2-3 m2; max 0.6 m) are observed between 730 and 800 m s.l.m. close to the seismic station of Univ. Udine. Not observed products on the trail below the elipad. | not found | yes, towards NE - E side of "Bastimento" approx. 600 m.a.s.l. Two areas on fire separated from each other by 200m. | yes, two maps of the bombs towards SE and NE (Calvari&Pompilio) | surveillance camera record located at Pizzo (published photogram) thermal camera recorded hot products on the south side of crater 3 and up to the saddle below "Pizzo" | - | - | INGV report: Calvari&Pompilio 2001a; INGV report: Calvari&Pompilio 2001b; BGVN – Barberi et al.; Stromboli Online |
| 2002 | 1 | 23 | 19:54 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | - | The noise from the explosion has been heard from all the villages in the island | N+CS | ash fallout which lasted several minutes (ca. 15 min) | - | In the morning of 24 Jan. - the field survey was carried out in the area of Il Pizzo Sopra la Fossa between the Bastimento and La Fossetta. This part of the volcano was covered with ash and blocks. Lithic material up to 60 cm in size, with minor amount of spatter up to 1.7 m in lenght. The greater density of lithics on the ground in a belt about 200 m wide between the craters and Il Pizzo. Spatter was more frequent NE of Il Pizzo. Fine-grained material covered the crater zone and the NE flank of the volcano up to the village of Stromboli (2 km far). In the zone of Il Pizzo the fallout material formed an almost continuous carpet. First isolated juvenile clast max. 10 cm 820 asl. At elipad shelters sparse blocks and large dark scoriae - one of 60 cm broke the edge of elipad. At about 20 m from elipad to "Pizzo" large spatter 60x170x7-10 cm. At 900 m elevation, many blocks and some scoria up to 20x30 cm. Lithics <20 cm up to 40 cm. Clasts also above this elevation. Blocks <10 cm on average, some of 16-18 cm and max. 60-70 cm. A few scoriae: one of 15-30 cm every 2-3 feet plus some smaller. Density of clasts - climbing path to "Pizzo" over 4x4 m: 10 clasts <10cm; 10 clasts ~15 cm. Pizzo - 1.1*1.1 m: 58 lithic clasts of 2-5 cm; 4 lithic clasts of 10-12 cm; 5 lithic clasts of 5-8 cm; 5 juvenile clasts of 4-5 cm; 4 juvenile clasts of 7-10 cm. Lithics suddenly decrease towards "Fortini di ginostra" (one block every few meters) and stop at 300 m to W- SW from Pizzo. Sparse scoriae (1 every 20-25 m). Rina Grande – several 1 m sized impacts up to 720 m asl (one with a block of 60 cm inside, most are empty). Blocks found at the base of Rina Grande. | not found | yes | yes, towards E and S (Calvari et al.) | Fallout of this eruption damaged the webcam of INGV - CT and a geochemical station of GNV thermal camera recorded hot products photo of scoria on "Pizzo" | - | - | INGV report: Calvari et al. 2002; INGV report: Andronico 2002; BGVN – Calvari et al.; Personal Communication - Landi |
| 2002 | 7 | 24 | 05:45 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | 4 other people were descending through Forgia Vecchia. Nobody was hurt. | yes | loud detonation was heard in the village of Stromboli, no noise was noted at the village harbor | N+CS | ash column some hudreds of meters high seen from the village (500 m above the summit) light ash fell over the harbor area and on a number of nearby vessels | several rocks, including rather big ones, were tumbling down the slope in Rina Grande. The rocks were stopped by the soft ash of Forgia Vecchia and did not reach the beach. | Elicopter survey one day after the event with thermal camera - not observed crater changes or hot products. Ground survey a week after the event. On the ground dark scoriaceous bombs and lapilli, lithic blocks fumarolized, and yellow pumice lapilli. Higher concentration between elipad and "Pizzo" Close to the geochemical station an impact crater of ca 1 m due to a scoriceous comb of > 50 cm, and other impact craters of similar size, but due to blocks. No fresh material found on "Pizzo". Lapilli, ash and some dark bomb is found between crater 3 and Pizzo - maybe erupted by ordinary activity. Very few morphological changes of the craters except for a small collapse on crater 3. | yes | - | yes, a week later (Pompilio&Coltelli) | thermal camera from helicopter explosion was observed (and photographed) from the harbor of the village of Stromboli | - | - | INGV report: Burton et al. 2002; INGV report: Pompilio&Coltelli 2002; BGVN – Behncke; Stromboli Online |
| 2003 | 4 | 5 | 07:12 | paroxysm | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | - | yes, great amplitude, published seismogram amplified tremor continues for 15 mins another weaker explosion recorded at 23:30 GMT. | strong explosion clearly heard by all inhabitants | N+CS | eruptive plume 1150m above craters pumice fallout up to 20cm at Punta Lena - clast density of 3-4 bombs every m2 abundant ash emission | prevalently lithics but abundant pumice; abundant corse products on the NE slopes above 400 m asl. Also, lower elevations reached on the W side. Ginostra village affected by large lithic bombs which severaly damaged two houses Lava field at 590 m asl and upper Sciara del Fuoco is buried by the explosion products. Lava pierces through a few minutes later all summit above 700 m asl is continously covered by products products of explosion at 23.30 GMT expanded to Bastimento and Pianoro. | elicopter survey during the event. Field survey nine days after the event - between elipad, Pizzo and beyond there is a continous cover of pumiceous bombs and lothic blocks., both fresh and altered. Summit trails are obliterated and "fortini" are partially buried. Average thickness is 10-30 cm. MAx. size of the bombs is 60 cm, blocks are 20-30 cm on average, max. 50 cm; bombs/blocks ratio is 1:10. Massive bomb (ca. 3-4 m) and impact crater on Bastimento (600m from craters) | yes | yes, several fires on the NE flank | yes, map in Rosi et al. 2006 | thermal and visible camera from elicopter monitoring stations on upper Sciara and Pizzo destroyed by the event | several debris flows in Sciara del Fuoco pyroclastic flow on "Pianoro", under "Bastimento" | ongoing | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; Rosi et al. 2006 - EPSL243; Calvari et al. 2006 - JVGR143; Pistolesi et al. 2008 - GMS AGU182; Stromboli Online |
| 2004 | 3 | 3 | 02:13 | uncertain major explosion | - | - | yes, published seismogram (4 mins) significant amplitude | - | N+CS | - | scoriae up to 200 m above craters fallout of fresh bombs and lapilli on Il Pizzo Sopra la Fossa in early March | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | BGVN -Calvari&Holliday; Stromboli Online |
| 2004 | 6 | 11 | 02:16 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion) | Volcanological guide Mario Zaia was staying on "Pizzo" but the products did not reach it. | published seismogram weak amplitude (8 mins) | - | CS | - | products reached >100 m above craters | Mario Zaia did not observe products on Pizzo. | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2004 | 9 | 16 | 04:07 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram weak amplitude (5 mins) | - | CS | - | products reached 200 m above craters and covered crater terrace and its outer slopes. destroyed hornito | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2004 | 11 | 24 | 19:48 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram weak amplitude (1 min) | - | CS | ash cloud towards S (30 s) | products affect central sector of crater terrace partially destroyed new hornito | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Stromboli Online; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2004 | 12 | 7 | 10:08 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram | - | CS | - | products affect central sector of crater terrace low visibility | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2004 | 12 | 9 | 10:02 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes (3 mins), greater than daily average published seimogram | - | CS | ash column lasting for about a 1 min | products covered crater terrace and its ENE outer slopes, remaining hot and visible for a few minutes on the thermal camera | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | maybe associated to a small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2005-2009 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 2005 | 1 | 9 | 10:32 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, >1 min, greater than daily average slightly weaker intensity than other similar events | - | CS | The explosive event of 9 January lasted about 45 s Two violent explosions both followed by 100–120 m high jets of gas, ash and incandescent fragments, from two different vents located in the south-western sector of the crater terrace. | Bombs and lapilli thrown out by the first explosion mainly fell on the SE slopes of the crater terrace. Products of the second explosion were dispersed to the NW | Scoria lapilli (multi-clast sample: ST500) and one 20 cm-large scoria bomb (ST501), erupted during the first explosion, were collected few days after the event in the “Fossetta”, just 40-50 m from the crater rim | scoria of mixed composition | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; INGV - petrologic monitoring report; Landi et al. 2008 - JVGR174; Andronico et al. 2008 - JVGR176; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2005 | 3 | 23 | 22:31 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram atypical event weak amplitude, 9 mins | - | N | - | lava fountain 200 m high (10 s) products fell in the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Personal Communication - Spampinato Stromboli Online |
| 2005 | 5 | 9 | 10:36 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | 7 mins, "greater" amplitude published seismogram preceded by weak sequence of explosions on 5/5 | - | N+CS | ash plume to the NNW | lava fountain 200 m high (15 s) explosion of 12 s; products fell in the crater terrace destroyed hornito | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2005 | 8 | 5 | 11:08 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 3 mins VLP = 7x daily average published seismogram | - | CS | strong wind ash column 350 m high, towards SSE | products higher than 200 m and fell behind the camera ballistics affect the S sector of crater terrace and towards "Pizzo" ash and ballistics up to 40 cm fell on Rina Grande | Field survey a few hours after the event. Wind plausibly influenced the distribution, and affected S to SE - from "Valle della Luna" to "Rina Grande". Mapped dispersion may be underestimated. light-colored lithic clasts and fragments not vesiculated, and a few dark and vesciculated lithics. Size from 4 to 40 cm. | not found | several fires in Forgia Vecchia | yes, map by Salerno&Murè | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) photos of the ash column and the fires from Rina Grande; foto of blocks in Valle della Luna | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; INGV report - Salerno&Murè; Stromboli Online |
| 2005 | 11 | 12 | 06:24 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | Yes; published seismigram increased tremor Preceded by probable volcanotectonic event on 30/10 | - | N+CS | - | explosion of incandescent material 150 m high (10 s) products fell in the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2006 | 5 | 22 | 22:38 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 5x daily average preceded of two hours by a probable volcanotectonic event | - | N | ash cloud 400 m high (30s), to NNE | some fragments reached the sector SW to the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report; INGV - petrologic monitoring report |
| 2006 | 6 | 16 | 13:41 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (strong explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 10x daily average | - | CS | ash cloud 400 m high (40s), to ESE | products fell in the crater terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco destroyed hornito and new depression | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | maybe associated to a small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report |
| 2006 | 10 | 16 | 19:11 | seismic sequence | Andronico et al. 2008 (major explosion) | - | yes | - | CS | - | products also ejected outside the camera view and covered most of the crater terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena; INGV - surveillance camera report |
| 2006 | 12 | 15 | 12:29 | uncertain major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes (80 s) VLP = 2x daily average | air wave much more intense than other explosion-quakes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena |
| 2007 | 3 | 15 | 20:37 | paroxysm | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | - | yes, preceded by an ULP event published seismogram | - | N+CS | eruptive cloud towards W and S producing ash and lapilli fallout over Ginostra main dispersal axis WSW coarse reddish sand covered by fine ash. Also yellow pumiceous lapilli (max. size ca. 3 cm excluding outliers). Greater concentrations in Ginostra - 3.5 kg/m2 of fallout in the harbour. | bombs and blocks of metric size ejected at about 100 m/s speed ballistics reached lower elevations towards N and E, above Stromboli village | Elicopter survey 12 hours after the event, with thermal camera. New deposit on "Pianoro" under "Bastimento". Field survey from Labronzo to Cannestrà, many lithic blocks up to less than 300 m asl. These blocks are often associated to metric impact craters and small collapses. Greater concentrations of clasts over a stripe towards S. Bartolo village - some are below 250 m asl. | yes | some small fires at "Le Schicciole", below Rina Grande | yes, two maps - by Pistolesi et al. 2011, and by Andronico et al. 2013 | Surveillance camera on Pizzo damaged by the event photos of lithic blocks at low elevation | two hours after the event was recorded the seismic signal of a small summit collapse | ongoing lava flow from 27/2/2007 to 2/4/2007 | INGV report - Andronico et al.; Martini et al. 2007 - AnnGeoph50; Barberi et al. 2009 - JVGR182; Pistolesi et al. 2011 - JGR116; Andronico et al. 2013 - BullVolc75; INGV - daily updates on the current eruptive phenomena |
| 2008 | 2 | 29 | 02:17 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, filtered wave forms published dilatometer anomaly ten times less than 15/3/2007 VLP = 7x daily average | - | CS | - | strongest event since the paroxysm lava fountain 180m high (50s) products fell in the crater terrace, significantly outside the crater terrace towards N, and in the upper Sciara del Fuoco | - | not found | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - surveillance camera report |
| 2008 | 7 | 9 | 05:40 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes (2 mins) VLP = 5x daily average | - | CS | dense ash cloud 300 m high, towards E | products prevalently fell in the crater terrace (< 100 m high) destroyed hornito | - | not found | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - surveillance camera report |
| 2008 | 12 | 6 | 20:49 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes (1 min) VLP = 7x daily average dilatometer anomaly 3x 29/02/2007 published seismogram | - | CS | - | climactic explosive sequence of 15 s products radially fell outside the crater terrace (> 300 m high) and towards Sciara del Fuoco | products reached metric size. At "Pizzo" a scoriceous bomb was sampled | not found | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) Surveillance camera on Pizzo is almost blinded by clouds | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - surveillance camera report; INGV - petrologic monitoring report |
| 2008 | 12 | 17 | 13:32 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 5x daily average published seismogram | - | CS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76 |
| 2009 | 5 | 3 | 14:58 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 2 mins followed by 15 mins tremor | - | CS | ash emission followed the explosion eruptive column moved towards ENE, reaching Stromboli village. A strong storm washed away the products a few hours later. the fallout deposit included yellow pumiceous lapilli up to 5-6 cm | strongest event since the paroxysms two lobes of coarse products reaching 200 m height mostly fell inside crater terrace and also outside its NW sector then a second more intense explosion radially ejects ballistics over the whole camera range | metric dark spatter bombs are found around crater terrace, including the sector between Pizzo and the craters (also, one lithic clast every 5-10 meters) and towards the site where "fortini di Ginostra" were once located the limit of coarser products is a few tens of meters below "Pizzo", slightly below 900 m asl, where there are bombs of 30-40 cm upper Sciara del Fuoco appeared continuously covered, but ordinary activity also affects that sector | yes | - | mapped by Andronico | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) photos of metric and decimetric clasts near "Pizzo" | - | small lava flow (intracrateric) other similar flows on 22/4/2009 and 17/5/2009 | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - surveillance camera report; INGV report - Andronico; LaFelice&Landi 2011 - BullVolc73 |
| 2009 | 11 | 8 | 12:28 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes - increased tremor for 15 mins dilatometer anomaly 2x 05/03/2009 | - | CS | Tephra fallout was dispersed E-NEastwards along a relatively narrow, elongated area of the volcano within a distance of 2.5 km from the craters. The intermediate and distal wind-blown tephra deposit between the S limit of the dispersal area and the coastline consisted of scattered pumice lapilli, with clasts ranging between 2-3 cm in size. Further away, on the beach beyond the harbour of Scari, the occurrence of a light shower of fine lapilli was confirmed also by eyewitnesses. Regardless of the size, macroscopic features of distal clasts are similar to those of pumice material found on the upper slope. | A first large explosion occurred from the central sector producing coarse incandescent material; two seconds later, the emission of abundant ash caused the envelopment of the coeval magma jets. Then another large explosion occurred at the Southern Sector, ejecting coarse material and abundant ash. | The main direction of products was N and NNE - confirmed by M. Zaia Between Bastimento (about 730 m) and the Helipad (865 m of elevation) products consisted of scattered flattened bombs and pumice. The highest concentration of clasts was observed close to the shelters at 790 m. There the juvenile clasts mainly consisted of ballistic spatters with a ground-density of clasts 5-10 m apart and a size ranging between 35 and 80 cm (mean 65 cm). Spatters were typically sub-circular to elongated and flattened upon impact on the ground, with light to dark yellow colour and high vesicularity. They often appeared covered by decimetric-thick clumps of golden glass. No lithic blocks were found around the crater area. Around the shelter area, individual spatter bombs were covered by light pumice suggesting that pumice was deposited after the spatter. The Md value decreased from ca. 20 cm (shelters), to ca. 10 cm to ca. 4 cm towards the Helipad. Fresh pumiceous material was brown to yellow, often iridescent; when observed under stereomicroscope, it appears strongly non-homogeneous with portions mingled with dark glass. | yes | - | yes, tephra fallout mapped in Andronico et al. 2010 bombs and blocks mapped in Rosi et al. 2013 | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | seismic signal of a small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | small lava flow (intracrateric) | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; Andronico&Pistolesi 2009 - JVGR196; LaFelice&Landi 2011 - BullVolc73 |
| 2009 | 11 | 24 | 11:20 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, published seismogram (< 1 min) followed by 10 mins of increased tremor VLP = 7x daily average | - | CS | Ash cloud and lapilli fallout affected the E sector of the island. Pumice deposit was observed in Forgia Vecchia. | A first explosion produced abundant bombs and lava fragments including "Pizzo" sopra la Fossa. After 15 s, another stronger explosion ejected coarse products radially, affecting the whole summit area, Pizzo included, at least 300 m from the vent. | The dispersal and volume of products erupted during 24 November were higher compared to 8 November. The tephra deposits consisted of: i) golden pumice (the highest dispersed material), ii) pluri-decimetric scoriae to over-metric sized spatters (confined in the proximal area), and iii) lithic clasts that caused evident impact craters in a more limited summit area. A limited overlapping of tephra from both the 8 and 24 November fallouts was also observed close to the Helipad. The pumiceous products were dispersed from the summit to the eastern coastline; the maximum concentration on the ground (dispersal axis) was observed in the area between the Helipad and Pizzo. There the deposit was not continuous, but constituted by abundant coarse pumice (several decimetric-sized clasts per m2), sometimes characterized by expanded clasts (post-landing expansion) with an inner empty cavity bounded by light glass. In the summit area clast sizes were variable, ranging from 7–8 to 20 cm. On the NE slopes (at 650 m a.s.l.), the Md was around 11 cm. | yes | yes, several fires below Rina Grande. | yes, tephra fallout, lithic blocks and spatter dispersion mapped in Andronico et al. 2010 | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | maybe lava flow (intracrateric) | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; Andronico&Pistolesi 2009 - JVGR196; LaFelice&Landi 2011 - BullVolc73 |
| 2010-2014 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 2010 | 1 | 10 | 14:48 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 4 mins | - | N | ash column towards NE, rising 500 m high | bombs affect the crater terrace and "Pizzo", with an intense ballistic fallout of 12 s | - | - | - | yes, map by Rosi et al. 2013 | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | ongoing | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; BGVN - Calvari et al.; Rosi et al. 2013 - GSLM37 |
| 2010 | 1 | 14 | 09:18 | seismic sequence | Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, but weaker than 10/01/2010 | - | CS | small ash column towards E | explosion of 40s. products fell in the crater terrace and did not reach "Pizzo" | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2010 | 1 | 21 | 20:45 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 5x daily average | maybe heard in the village | CS | small ash column towards S | coarse products (lapilli and bombs) fell in the S sector of crater terrace, and beyond. | yes, two detailed field surveys 6 and 18 months after the January 2010 eruption. In total, 780 bombs were mapped. No other bombs were apparent within the crater area. | - | yes | yes, map by Gurioli et al. 2013 bomb field to the S of crater terrace this may include cumulative products of events in 2010/11. | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; Gurioli et al. 2013 - Geology41; |
| 2010 | 3 | 12 | 07:47 | seismic sequence | Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 10 mins VLP = 4x daily average dilatometer anomaly "similar" to major explosions | - | N+CS | - | two explosions, 30 sec, wide ballistic fallout around crater terrace but probably did not affect "Pizzo". | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) surveillance camera on Pizzo is not working | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2010 | 6 | 25 | 06:02 | uncertain major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 7 mins VLP = 7x daily average | - | CS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2010 | 6 | 30 | 16:33 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 3 mins 3 events of increasing amplitude VLP = 12x daily average published seismogram | - | N | - | poor weather conditions | - | yes (Calvari et al. 2014) | yes, fallout from incandescent blocks triggered vegetation fires on the upper slopes | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; BGVN - Behncke&Coltelli; Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2010 | 7 | 11 | 19:46 | seismic sequence | Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | slightly greater amplitude than average published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present | - | - | - | two pulses | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 - MDPI15; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2010 | 12 | 19 | 09:55 | uncertain major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 5x daily average published seismogram | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | small lava flow started 7 days before the event from 12/12/2010 to 19/12/2010 | INGV - daily seismic report; BGVN - Behncke&Coltelli; Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2011 | 6 | 20 | 05:19 | uncertain major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, sequence of explosion quakes with long tremor increase published seismogram | - | CS | - | explosion with (2 pulses) from CC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2011 | 7 | 5 | 02:43 | major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 11 weak explosion quakes followed by a major event associated with a VLP of "medium-high" amplitude published seismogram | - | CS | strong wind towards E | explosion with (3 pulses) from CC high pyroclastic jet formed in the S part of Stromboli's crater terrace producing tephra that fell back onto "Pizzo" great amount of hot products ejected towards "Pizzo" and the surveillance camera | field survey of D. Andronico and M. Zaia two days after the event. products fell on a narrow stripe N to Rina Grande and reaching the coast N to Forgia Vecchia. Products found above 750 m asl. Pumiceous lapilli were observed floating in the sea and on the beach. The zone around "Pizzo" was the most affected by ballistics. But products are irregularly distributed. Between crater terrace and "Pizzo" were not found pluridecimetric clasts. There were four types of products. Mixed juvenile producs - max. from 8 to 12 cm, average 4-6 cm, 5-10 clasts / m2. Dark scoriaceous clasts - relatively scarse lapilli of 3-4 cm average size plus a few bombs of 15-20 cm. Yellow pumiceous clasts - < 6 cm, and lithics - mostly reddish, max. 10 cm, average 1-3 cm, few clasts / m2. | yes (Calvari et al. 2014) | yes, fires at about 400 m asl | tephra fallout mapped by Andronico | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) photos of burnt vegetation from Rina Grande and of clasts on "Pizzo" | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV report - Andronico; BGVN - weekly report; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2011 | 7 | 10 | 15:20 | uncertain major explosion | Rosi et al. 2013; Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | two "medium-low" explosion quakes then, "major event" with VLP of "medium-high" amplitude tremor increase published seismogram | - | N+CS | ash emission | explosion from SWC and CC areas lava fragments ejected by the NE crater | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2011 | 8 | 5 | 07:14 | seismic sequence | Rosi et al. 2013; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | anomalous seismic event for duration and waveform published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present "low" amplitude of both explosion quake and VLP | - | CS | - | coarse producs from vent S1 reached 200 m height and fell towards N then, lava fountain 150 m high (20 s). All products of the fountain fell in the N sector of crater terrace | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | lava flow started 4 days before the event from 1/8/2011 to 7/9/2011 | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; Personal Communication - Spampinato |
| 2011 | 8 | 15 | 19:33 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | event of "medium-high" amplitude in the explosion quake and "medium" VLP component slightly greater than daily average published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present | - | N+CS | - | explosion with 2 pulses from NEC and 1 from SWC explosion did not reach high elevation from the craters (20 s) | - | - | - | - | - | small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | ongoing | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2011 | 9 | 5 | 03:51 | uncertain major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | event of "medium" amplitude in the explosion quake and "high" VLP component followed by increased tremor for 10 mins published seismogram | - | N+CS | - | explosion from CC and NE crater zones, low lava fountaining from CC | - | - | - | - | - | - | ongoing | INGV - daily seismic report; Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2012 | 2 | 15 | 22:08 | major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | 5 explosion-quakes of "medium-high" amplitude VLP are "medium-low" then, a few hours later, 6 explosion-quakes of "medium-high" amplitude, again VLP are "medium-low" | - | N | ash cloud towards NWW causing abundant fallout on Sciara | explosive sequences from NEC with at least 5 pulses followed by a phase of intense fountaining, fallout of bombs on the Sciara and Pizzo | Volcanology guides performed a field survey two days later and found small bombs and lapilli on Pizzo and surrounding areas, up to "Valle della Luna", to the S. | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) surveillance camera on Pizzo is not working | hot avalanche in Sciara del Fuoco | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2012 | 2 | 16 | 04:06 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | 6 explosion-quakes of "medium-high" amplitude VLP are "medium-low" but "medium high" for one of the events | - | N | - | explosions interrupting a prolonged lava fountain | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2012 | 3 | 6 | 06:43 | major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 3 explosive events VLP = 10x daily average tremor increased for 30 mins after the event | - | N | - | explosions from NEC with fallout of bombs to NNE, probably up to Bastimento, and at Pizzo lava fragments and bombs initially fell on the upper N sector of Sciara del Fuoco, probably up to low elevation for a cloud of fine products, i.e. 400 m asl a second explosion ejected less bombs, but widely dispersed in the N and NE sectors, possibly affecting Bastimento, shelters, Pizzo. | Field survey a few hours after the event - not observed products on the trail between shelters and Pizzo. this does not exclude that any bomb affected the area. | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) surveillance camera on Pizzo is not working | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2012 | 7 | 26 | 18:31 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | small and short seismic sequence | - | - | - | explosion from the NEC | - | - | - | - | - | small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | - | Calvari et al. 2014 - BullVolc76; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2012 | 11 | 22 | 13:17 +20:56 | uncertain major explosion | Calvari et al. 2014; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes VLP = 7x daily average tremor increased to "medium-high" after the event for 10 mins | - | N+CS | - | first sequence - explosions from NE and CC crater areas with a few bombs towards "Pizzo" bombs of the first explosion affected a wide area in the N and upper sector of Sciara del Fuoco and some fell close to Pizzo, but did not reach the camera. products of the second explosion did not affect Pizzo area or its surroundings | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - daily seismic report; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2013 | 12 | 4 | 23:48 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 | - | seismic event of "medium-high" amplitude, 2 mins VLP = 2x daily average | - | CS | ash column was > 250 m high towards SW | most intense initial explosion (30 s), ejected products 200 m high bombs mostly fell in the S sector of crater terrace without affecting "Pizzo" | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2013 | 12 | 14 | 17:07 | seismic sequence | Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | 4 sub-events distributed in 90 s explosion quake is "high", VLP is "medium-high" | - | CS | ash cloud obscured visibility on the craters | two explosions produced several bombs that abundantly fell in the crater terrace and on the upper slopes of Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) Surveillance camera on Pizzo is blinded by clouds | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2013 | 12 | 25 | 15:49 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020 (major explosion); Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (uncertain major explosion) | - | 6 explosion quakes VLP is "low", explosion quakes amplitude is "medium-low" published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present | - | CS | small ash column with lapilli towards NE | intense explosion (25 s) radial dispersion, with lava fragments towards E and bombs towards S in the crater terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2014 | 1 | 4 | 23:05 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | sequence of close explosions not particularly strong published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present | - | CS | - | lava fountain. Wide dispersion of lava fragments and bombs in the S sector of crater terrace and upper SE of Sciara del Fuoco, without affecting "Pizzo" (34 s) then second fountain less intense (60 s). then, impulsive radially distributed explosion with reduced dispersion (10 s) | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2015-2019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 2015 | 2 | 15 | 11:08 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | 4 explosion quakes (2 mins) VLP is "low", explosion quakes amplitude is "medium-low" published seismogram, a seismic sequence is present | - | CS | small ash column towards N | explosion (20 sec) - bombs and lapilli > 300 m high and fell in the crater terrace and in the upper sciara del fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) surveillance camera on Pizzo is not working | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin; Personal Communication - Falsaperla |
| 2015 | 7 | 16 | 01:03 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 1 min VLP is "medium-high", explosion quakes amplitude is "medium-high" followed by 10 min tremor increase | - | N+CS | small eruptive column | ejection of bombs and lapilli from CS sector (15 s) up to 300 m high - products fell in all crater terrace and in S of upper Sciara del Fuoco then explosion from N sector (10 s), radial dispersion of large bombs and lava fragments 200 m high that fell inthe N sector of crater terrace and Sciara del fuoco | products were not observed on "Pizzo", elipad, shelters, or the trails nearby | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2016 | - | ordinary activity | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - daily seismic reports; INGV - weekly bulletins |
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| 2017 | 7 | 26 | 17:57 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 4 events in the first minute - 90 s tremor increased for 12 mins published VLP seismogram | - | CS | ash cloud towards E | products radially dispersed, > 250 m high then, second weaker explosion towards SE, and small lava fountain (50 m, 1 min) decimetric ballistics fell below shelters at 750 m and in upper Sciara del Fuoco | field survey by INGV personnel four days after the event On Pizzo, up to 850 m to the SW, max. dimension of clasts is 10 cm | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2017 | 10 | 23 | 14:04 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, > 5 mins published VLP seismogram | - | CS | ash plume produced | destroyed scoria cone and products are > 250 m high products fell in Sciara del Fuoco and towards Pizzo, which was affected by ballistics smaller explosions follow, ballistics towards SW | field survey on 4/11 - cumulative products of 23/10 and 1/11 light brown juvenile scoriaceous and light products dispersed towards S and SE, reaching Pizzo also, wide stripe of lithic impacts on the N flank of the West of Valle della Luna. | yes | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2017 | 11 | 1 | 08:29 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 3 mins published VLP seismogram | - | CS | ash emission | products radially ejected abundantly fell over crater terrace, > 300 m high ballistics fell on "Pizzo" | field survey three days after the event - cumulative products of 23/10 and 1/11 large depression and pit in CS sector, hornito in N sector abundant dark scoriaceous spatters. This is observed all over the crater terrace and on the flank of Pizzo towards the craters. Some spatter also fell on the NW ridge of Valle della Luna and on the N flank. There were observed the larest clasts, about 2 m. also, lithic blocks of reddish lava sparse in a large area between all crater terrace and the S side of Pizzo | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) surveillance camera on Pizzo has tecnical issues photos of the crater terrace | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2017 | 12 | 1 | 12:42 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | large amplitude, 6 mins published seismogram and VLP seismogram | - | CS | - | destroyed scoria cone | field survey two weeks after the event several spatter bombs of dark scoriaceous material were observed on the final part of the trail from elipad to Pizzo Size of largest spatter was between 20 and 40 cm (two were about 100 cm). This juvenile products are dispersed between SE and SW, above the products observed in November A few reddish lithics were also observed. In the same sector there also was abundant scoria of 5-6 cm on average, plausibly associated to ordinary activity | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) bad weather photos of the crater terrace | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2018 | 3 | 7 | 12:48 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 4 mins published VLP seismogram - "medium-low" amplitude | - | N | ash cloud towards E | lithic fragments radially distributed followed by fine products covering the N sector of crater terrace, and "beyond crater terrace" products ejected > 350 m high coarse products fell in upper Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | seismic signal of small collapse in Sciara del Fuoco | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2018 | 3 | 18 | 19:27 | uncertain major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 5 mins followed by tremor increase published VLP seismogram - "high" amplitude | - | N+CS | ash cloud towards NE | radially distributed coarse products fell "beyond crater terrace" and in upper Sciara del Fuoco ballistics were less than 250 m high | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
| 2018 | 4 | 24 | 09:05 | uncertain major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 6 mins followed by tremor increase published VLP seismogram - "high" amplitude | - | CS | ash cloud towards SE | products radially fell "beyond crater terrace", in the E sector, and in upper Sciara del Fuoco products > 250 m high then, small lava fountain (a few tens of meters) | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
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| 2018 | 4 | 26 | 22:53 | uncertain major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 4 mins published VLP seismogram - "medium-high" amplitude | - | N | ash cloud | coarse products fell "beyond crater terrace" and in upper Sciara del Fuoco - mostly towards W and NW then, small lava fountain (a few tens of meters) | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giudicepietro et al. 2019 - RemSens11 |
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| 2018 | 8 | 18 | 15:08 | seismic sequence | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, high amplitude, 4 mins VLP is "high" amplitude | - | CS | ash cloud | coarse products fell in the crater terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2019 | 6 | 25 | 23:03 | major explosion | Giudicepietro et al. 2019; Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram, "high" amplitude, 4 mins increased tremor for 6 mins | - | CS | ash cloud (18s) towards S | products fell in Sciara del Fuoco and in most of the crater terrace, prevalently S sector, with some blocks outside crater terrace | field surveys one day and again three days after the event. products fell abundantly in Valle della Luna (towards Ginostra) almost no ballistics along the ascent climb track. Southwards from the summit both lithic blocks and dark spatter bombs made of HP magma associated with impact craters up to some tens of cm deep. Large bombs and blocks were scattered along the descent track with a southerly dispersal. The central crater rim was littered with large lithic blocks, and the crater floor was levelled out and covered by large coalescing spatter clasts; central crater enlarged | - | yes, fires below Rina Grande at ca. 500 m asl | yes, map by Giordano&De Astis | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) Photos of the products and impact marks. | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Giordano&De Astis 2021 - BullVolc83 |
| 2019 | 7 | 3 | 14:46 | paroxysm | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari et al. 2021; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | one tourist dies on the trail above Ginostra | published seismogram, two main explosions | Shattered glass and blown off window frames in the village of Stromboli | N+CS | The umbrella cloud reached a maximum elevation estimated at around 8.4 km, spreading towards the SW. Significant amounts of floating pumice from both the pyroclastic flows and direct fall into the water formed pumice rafts at the sea surface At 100 m a.s.l., large (20-40 cm) pumiceous bombs, often broken upon impact, were found with an areal dispersion of 1-4 × 10−2 bomb m−2; a few of them impacted the upper houses. A continuous and measurable lapilli fallout deposit was restricted to the surroundings of Ginostra village, at elevations < 250 m a.s.l., where the deposit was well preserved on the roofs of houses, on the harbour pier, roads and other flat surfaces The maximum measured thicknesses of the pumice lapilli fall was 1.5 cm, i.e. more or less the diameter of a single clast. | first explosion from CS, then from all craters Ballistics were launched down the volcano slope as low as 500 m a.s.l. along the N flank above Stromboli village, and below 250 m a.s.l., partly hitting Ginostra village maximum clast size (average of the three maximum diameters) collected is 27 cm in diameter at the Punta dei Corvi locality and at similar elevations just to south. Lava blocks shattered and coated with HP scoria, up to 37.3 cm in equivalent diameter, have been also found near Ginostra up to 1.4 km in a WSW direction from the crater area | products predominantly towards ESE. spatter and lava fragment become continous a few tens of meters from the elipad towards Pizzo, and in Valle della Luna total thickness of the continuous spatter cover is rather uniform, from 30 to 40 cm, and only thickens where the steep slopes allowed for rheomorphic downslope flowage, up to 1 m; above it, a discontinuous layer of 0.5-3 m-sized spatter bombs of LP composition; their maximum dimension reaches the equivalent diameter of 171.7 cm in the Fossetta area, where some are coated with HP scoria and some are shattered and form large impact craters A continuous, coarse-grained (10-50 cm) pumice bombs deposit, up to 0.7 m thick in the proximal sector, covered the upper W flank down to 500 m a.s.l.. N of Ginostra Descending from Pizzo towards NE, the spatter bombs cover became discontinuous below 850 m a.s.l. down to ca. 0.25 spatter m−2 at a 450 m distance from the vents; at 350 m in the NE direction, at the helipad, the max. spatter diameter is 107.7 cm, rapidly decreasing to 18.7 cm along the final section of the trail to the summit. Taking into account the ca 0.35 km2 area of continuous cover and a uniform thickness of 30 cm, the total volume is 10^5 m3 crater changes are significant - edge of crater terrace towards Sciara del Fuoco destroyed in the N and S sides, but not in the center; N1 and N2 merged in a large pit | yes | yes, fires especially towards Punta dei Corvi | yes, map by Giordano&De Astis | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo and 400 m asl) camera on Pizzo was destroyed by the explosion several photos of spatter bombs | two pyroclastic flows in Sciara del Fuoco small rheomorphic flow towards Rina Grande and another to "Pianoro"; a few meters wide and up to 0.5 m-thick, flowing down the E flank to 600m a.s.l.. | small intracrateric lava extrusions from all craters a few minutes before the event lava flow after the event from 3/7/2019 to 30/8/2019 | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Giordano&De Astis 2021 - BullVolc83; Andronico et al. 2021 - NatComm12; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Pichavant et al. 2022 - BullVolc84; Bisson et al. 2023 - SciRep13; Personal Communication - Landi |
| 2019 | 8 | 28 | 10:17 | paroxysm | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari et al. 2021; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | - | published seismogram, three explosions | - | N+CS | ash column ca 6.4 km in height, spread towards the N-NE A continuous and observable lapilli and ash fallout deposit was restricted to the northern slope of the volcano at elevations < 300 m a.s.l., covering Stromboli town, where the deposit was well preserved on roofs of houses, roads and other flat surfaces. At higher elevations, no continuous lapilli fall cover was identified. pumice lapilli and ash fallout, which lasted 33 min | first and second explosions mainly from CS, third from N; the area above the Sciara was entirely saturated by the incandescent blast Incandescent ballistics landed as low as 400 m a.s.l. towards Stromboli village distribution of ballistics reconstructed from available photos and videos is less asymmetric compared to that of July 3 proximal region of scattered blocks and bombs outcrop in the proximal areas to a distance of ca 1600–1700 m from vent | Ballistic clasts at the summit that can be clearly identified as being associated with the August 28 paroxysm appear mainly to be blocks of accidental lava lithics; difficult to identify spatter clasts which could be associated with certainty with the August 28 explosion at Pizzo the deposit was nearly continuous and up to ca. 0.2 m thick, and composed of 90–95% fresh juvenile LP-HP magma pyroclasts The maximum lava block diameter (average of the three maximum diameters of the clast) measured is 86 cm near the summit, decreasing to 23 cm at the 850 m a.s.l. helipad. Along the northern flank of the volcano, at elevations lower than 500 m a.s.l., ballistic bombs were made of variably vesicular juvenile material The tephra deposit was recognizable down to 300–500m a.s.l. to the NE. Sparse clasts ranging 3–6 cm in size were found down to 200 m a.s.l., and up to 10 cm in the NNE slopes. Sporadic HP spatter bombs up to 1m in size were found at 600 m a.s.l. towards NNE, and both HP bombs and non-juvenile blocks (0.1–0.5 m) reached 400 m a.s.l. NE. | yes | yes, bush fires all around the island Some bombs larger than 15 cm were still incandescent when they landed and were able to start bushfires as low as 300-400 m a.s.l. | yes, map by Giordano&De Astis | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl and Punta dei Corvi) | two pyroclastic flows in Sciara del Fuoco | ongoing | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; Giordano&De Astis 2021 - BullVolc83; Andronico et al. 2021 - NatComm12; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Pichavant et al. 2022 - BullVolc84 |
| 2019 | 8 | 29 | 20:43 | major explosion | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; Calvari et al. 2021; Petrone, 2022; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram | - | - | pyroclastic fall on Ginostra | Two fountaining during lava flow output | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl) | - | ongoing | INGV - report of volcanic activity; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13 |
| 2020-2023 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | Month | Day | GMT | Type of event | Previous catalogs (characterization) | People affected | Seismicity | Sound/Air shock | Vents | Ash plume/fallout | Ballistic projectiles | Field survey | Pumices | Fires | Mapped | Photo/video | Hot avalanche | Lava flow | Main References |
| 2020 | 7 | 19 | 03:00 | major explosion | Bevilacqua et al. 2020; UNIFI-LGS reports (major explosion); Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (paroxysm) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 1.0 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 3.5 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 1500 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | three explosions (35 s) products were radially distributed and reached ca. 500 m asl | field survey - ballistics up to 1200 m from the vents towards E (on the trail), and over Pizzo and Valle della Luna towards SE | yes | - | yes, map by Andronico&Landi | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m, 190 m asl, Pizzo and Punta dei Corvi) the explosion damaged the camera on Pizzo | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Personal communication - Landi; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Landi et al. 2023 - ConMinPetr177; Voloschina et al. 2023 - BullVolc85 |
| 2020 | 8 | 13 | 14:50 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram, 1 min a sesmic sequence is present | - | - | ash plume 150 m high | ordinary explosions | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m, 190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Personal communication - Falsaperla |
| 2020 | 11 | 10 | 20:04 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram, 6 mins; both explosion quake and VLP are "high" amplitude Seismic event 0.38 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 1 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 220 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | ash column | mostly in Sciara del Fuoco, but also to Pizzo significative products emission beyond crater terrace | elicopter survey - great metric blocks in Sciara del Fuoco and S sector of crater terrace Pizzo was concealed by clouds | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m, 190 m asl) | - | small lava flow, intracrateric | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13 |
| 2020 | 11 | 16 | 09:17 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram, 4 mins Seismic event 0.25 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.7 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 567 Pa at 450 m distance acoustic wave 2.5 greater than 10/11/2020 | N+CS | ash column 1km high | radial ejection of products 300 m high (1 min) significative products emission beyond crater terrace products over Pizzo | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m, 190 m asl and Punta dei Corvi) Visible images from 750 m asl | pyroclastic flow in Sciara del Fuoco | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13 |
| 2020 | 11 | 21 | 00:33 | seismic sequence | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 0.12 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.41 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 45 Pa at 450 m distance | N+CS | small ash cloud | three explosions - relatively weak energy (25 s) products 300 m high and fell in Sciara del Fuoco | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13 |
| 2020 | 12 | 6 | 05:12 | seismic sequence | Calvari et al. 2021; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 0.35 x10^-4 m in displacement tiltmeter OHO not working, but ROC was 4 times greater than 21/11/2020 | 150 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | ash cloud emission | radial ejection of products 300 m high and fell in Sciara del Fuoco (10 s) then, lava fountain 200 m high (25 s) | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) | two small pyroclastic flows | rheomorphic flow in Sciara del Fuoco | INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2021 - RemSens13; Calvari et al. 2022 - RemSens14 |
| 2021 | 3 | 1 | 01:32 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 0.23 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.9 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 1017 Pa at 450 m distance | N+CS | - | three explosions, first most intense at crater N2 corse products ejected >350 m high fell in Sciara del Fuoco towards W and beyond Pizzo towards E total duration 3m 30s | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari et al. 2022 - RemSens14 |
| 2021 | 7 | 14 | 13:19 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, event registered at all stations Seismic event 0.33 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.6 μrad al tiltmetro OHO preceded by tremor increase | 250 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | products fell in Sciara del Fuoco and reached the area of Pizzo abundant products "beyond crater terrace" 1 min duration | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, 400 m, 190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - report of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2021 | 7 | 28 | 14:47 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram VLP is "high" amplitude Seismic event 0.41 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.7 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 244 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | products radially fell in Sciara del Fuoco, all crater terrace, and Pizzo, > 200 m high | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, 400 m, 190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2021 | 8 | 1 | 20:01 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram VLP is "high" amplitude Seismic event 0.16 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.63 μrad al tiltmetro OHO tremor increased 10 mins before the event | 600 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | products 150 m high,fell beyond crater terrace, including in Sciara del Fuoco, and affected Pizzo | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, 190 m asl) Thermal images from ROC | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2021 | 9 | 11 | 19:09 | uncertain major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 0.22 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.7 μrad al tiltmetro OHO tremor increased 10 mins before the event | 260 Pa at 450 m distance | N | - | products "beyond crater terrace" and in Sciara del Fuoco clouds on the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) clouds conceal the crater terrace | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2021 | 10 | 6 | 14:17 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | published seismogram Seismic event 0.41 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.9 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 1000 Pa at 450 m distance | N | small ash plume (20 s) | abundant coarse products radially fell beyond crater terrace, on Pizzo and in Sciara del Fuoco (10 s) | field survey - decimetric spatter bomb about 500 m from the craters, below the shelters at Bastimento | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m, 190 m asl, Pizzo and Punta dei Corvi) photos of spatter bombs | - | small flow in upper Sciara del Fuoco | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Landi - personal communication; |
| 2022 | 5 | 7 | 12:03 | seismic sequence | - | - | Published seismogram LP at 2 Hz, amplitude 5/6 times greater than an ordinary explosion, 6 mins ground deformation of 0.12 mrad in 15 mins no infrasonic signal detected | - | - | - | clouds on the crater terrace | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | INGV - weekly bulletin |
| 2022 | 5 | 13 | 14:43 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | Published seismogram Seismic event 0.66 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 1.88 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 4 waves of max. 500 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | significant ash emission after first explosions | six main explosions, first is most energetic (8 s) - products 300 m high towards E and SE and affect Pizzo total duration 4 mins adundant products fell in Sciara del Fuoco and hot ballistics between 400 e 500 m asl towards E | field survey one day after the event. lowest elevation of products was 450 m asl, towards NE from the vents. Impact craters along trajectory implies that the products rolled down after a first landing primary landing marks observed at 700-830 m asl, near the climbing trail ("Liscione"). They were all due to lithics. Lithic bombs, decimetric to metric, close to the elipad at 850 m asl. climbing toward Pizza no impact marks or clasts, but a few were near the surveillance camera, undamaged. On Pizzo there some juvenile scoriae, very light material, and stretched. Sporadic coverage, cm to dm sized. Towards "Fortini" on the S side (890 m asl), juvenile scoriae similar to those found on Pizzo. Observation of "Fossetta"- many clast or impact mark are evident. CS craters were found deepened and enlarged by the event. | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl, Pizzo) Photos of the products and impact marks. | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports; Landi - personal communication; |
| 2022 | 5 | 25 | 14:11 | uncertain major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | Published seismogram Seismic event 0.12 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.31 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 17 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | two explosions - first ejected products > 250 m high, that mostly fell in crater terrace, maybe reached Pizzo second weaker, ejected coarse products 80 m high Total duration 40s | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo) Thermal images from ROC | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2022 | 7 | 25 | 02:56 | major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | Published seismogram Seismic event 0.46 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 1 μrad al tiltmetro OHO | 150 Pa at 450 m distance | N+CS | - | abundant products in Sciara del Fuoco, not observed coarse products on Pizzo most intense explosion is from crater N2 - products > 300 m high and fell in Sciara del Fuoco (2 mins) several ballistics reach the coastline on Sciara del Fuoco followed by 6 mins lava fountaining; weaker explosion from S1 closes the sequence (8 s) total duration 8 mins small cone destroyed in N sector | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (400 m asl, Pizzo and Punta dei Corvi) | small pyroclastic flow in Sciara del Fuoco | small flow in upper Sciara del Fuoco 2 days after the vent - 27/7/2022 | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2022 | 9 | 29 | 13:24 | uncertain major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | Published seismogram Seismic event 0.27 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.25 μrad al tiltmetro OHO tremor increased for 6-7 mins | 150 Pa at 450 m distance | N | ash plume 300 m high | abundant products in Sciara del Fuoco, not observed coarse products on Pizzo (8 s) followed by weaker explosions, total duration 1 min | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) | - | small flow in upper Sciara del Fuoco 4 days before the event - 25/9/2022 then, intermittent lava flows starting 5 days after the event from 3/10/2022 to 16/10/2022 | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2023 | 1 | 30 | 09:08 | seismic sequence | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, 3 mins Seismic event 0.21 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.8 μrad al tiltmetro OHO tremor increased to high values published dilatometer | 3.5 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | ash cloud towards S | coarse products ejected at over 300 m height they fell towards E-SE over the crater terrace and upper Sciara del Fuoco followed by other explosions 100 m high total duration 2 mins | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl and Punta dei Corvi) Thermal images from ROC | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2023 | 2 | 16 | 17:17 | seismic sequence | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes Seismic event 0.25 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 1.0 μrad al tiltmetro OHO published VLP signal published dilatometer | 30 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | radial lava fragments, lava fountaining and three medium intensity explosions, i.e. 150 m high products reached over 300 m height and some fell into Sciara del Fuoco total duration 1 min then second phase of 2 mins, weaker | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2023 | 3 | 25 | 14:49 | seismic sequence | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes Seismic event 0.15 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.4 μrad al tiltmetro OHO published dilatometer | negligible acoustic pressure at 450 m distance | CS | - | several explosions prevalently fine products reched 300 m height main dipersion over E-SE total duration 3 mins | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, COA) Thermal images from ROC | - | ongoing lava flow from 3/24/2023 to 3/26/2023 | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2023 | 4 | 7 | 11:03 | uncertain major explosion | UNIFI-LGS reports; Calvari&Nunnari, 2023 (major explosion) | - | yes, high amplitude Seismic event 0.36 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 1.26 μrad al tiltmetro OHO published dilatometer | 75 Pa at 450 m distance | CS | - | First explosion over 400 m high, products fell mostly in the direction of Sciara del Fuoco, 18 s duration second weaker explosion followed, 4s duration and product fell also outside the crater terrace, near Pizzo third explosion produces ash, and fourth closes the sequence total duration 2 mins and 20s | - | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, 190 m asl) | - | - | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |
| 2023 | 8 | 8 | 19:06 | seismic sequence | UNIFI-LGS reports (major explosion) | - | yes Seismic event 0.15 x10^-4 m in displacement tilt 0.4 μrad al tiltmetro OHO tremor increased to high values published dilatometer | not reported | N | - | two main explosions products widely fell outside crater terrace, over upper Sciara del Fuoco not observed products towards Pizzo total duration 1 m and 32s | Field survey 3 days after the event did not observe products of the explosion of 8/8 in the area of Pizzo; all samples are related to ordinary activity | - | - | - | Published surveillance camera photograms (Pizzo, 190 m asl) Thermal images from ROC | - | intense spattering produced two small lava flows in upper Sciara del Fuoco after the event and lasted for one day | INGV - reports of volcanic activity; INGV - weekly bulletin; UNIFI-LGS reports |