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Resulting maps of a) Soil CO 2 flux; b) Soil temperature; and c) Thermal gradient in the Le Biancane area; d) Schematic representation of the various terms of the thermal balance at the surface soil of a heated from below area. The thicker solid arrows represent the terms that supply…

Figure 5.1. Detailed overview of a one-hour long record of data including an episode of high-frequency tremor, including spectral, amplitude, and trend analysis in both time and frequency domains. Panels (a) and (b) show the seismic spectra and waveform coherency-based tremor detection (spectral width), respectively. Acoustic spectral content is displayed…

Figure 3. Block diagram illustrating principal and distributed ruptures in a normal faulting tectonic setting. The diagram highlights the spatial distribution of surface ruptures, with the principal rupture (PF) occurring along the main fault and distributed ruptures (DR) appearing as secondary surface breaks, typically in the hanging wall and footwall…

Figure 4. The critical pressure required for nucleation of bubbles in mixed H2O–CO2 systems… Sullivan P., E.W. Llewellin, F.B. Wadsworth, S. Colucci, H. Kusumaatmaja (2026).Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2026.108538 Abstract Volcanic eruptions are driven by the nucleation and growth of gas bubbles…

Figure 6 Waveform and spectral characteristics of infrasonic signals from South-East crater and Bocca Nuova/ Voragine craters. a-c). Representative normalized infrasonic waveforms from seven explosive events at the SE and BN/VOR craters are shown. Individual waveforms are depicted in light grey, while the ensemble average is indicated in red. (b-d)…

Figure 1 Overview of seismic network at Etna volcano and recorded tremor in 2020. (a) Seismicstations (triangles) on Etna, with used stations highlighted pink. Broader tectonic context shown inadjacent map (red box corresponding to region shown). Local earthquakes (≥ML2.5) are shown assmall circles, colored by date (see legend). Lateral…