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Figure 7 (excerpt) – Sangay tephra fallout mean hazard maps for the combined SAV, VS, and SPL scenarios for 1 kg/m 2 threshold. The maps are produced initializing PLUME-MoM-TSM with, respectively, plume height (ph) and total volume (tv). Contour lines, where not indicated, follow the progression 1%, 5%, 10%, 50%,…

Figure 3 – Selection of photographs of deposit outcrops and marine cores. a Outcrop Etna220624-6 of the FS marker bed in an old quarry near Fornazzo. b Outcrop Etna220620-1 of the 1669 eruption near the Monti Rossi. c Outcrop Etna220621-4, detail of the FL marker bed in the main dispersal…

Figure 8b – Focuses on the number of earthquakes with Md > 0.5. Data are represented as red dots. Years are indicated in the labels and as black dots, marking the beginning of each year and showing the temporal evolution of the uplift. The green and blue curves indicate the two exponential…

Figure 8. Time-constrained model for brittle detachments evolution. (A) crustal thinning, hinge rolling and brittle-ductile detachment zones initiation. (B) Deformation localisation along the main brittle detachment, gouge formation and development of SC structure-dominated shear zone, coeval with the onset of ductile deformation along the upper part of the exhuming granite.

Figure 3. a) Drilling operations in the Ponti Rossi area (February 2022). In the background, the pyroclastic deposits of the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT); b) and c) cored sediments preserved in PVC half pipes. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the…

Approximate epicentral areas of the major EAFZ earthquakes of the period 1000-1900, superimposed on the 2023 seismic sequence. In red the earthquakes considered in this study. The 2023 seismicity (pink circles) comes from KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute); http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lasteq.asp). Faults traces (red lines) from www.seismofaults.eu/; Digital…