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Best two simulations of the Labronzo PDC, with a 1 m pile thickness, a basal friction coefficient of 0.15 and a turbulent dissipation parameter of (a) 200 and (b) 500 m/s2. Outcrops are depicted as yellow diamonds, with their measured thickness value attached (in cm). The centreline of the valley…

Figure 8 Stratigraphic relationship between the lahar deposit at Schicciole Beach after the May 15, 2025 events. In chronological order: older pre‑2024 deposits (white), overlain by the October 2024 lahar deposits (yellow). The sequence is subsequently cut by the depositional fans formed during the May 2025 event (blue). Photo by…

Enlargement of the NE quadrant of the island of Stromboli, illustrating the PDC invasion probability maps conditioned on the collapse of a random circular sector of 20° width, with respect to a maximum flow thickness threshold of 0.1 m. Basins 1-4 are labeled and shaded in yellow, Sites 1-3 are…

Probabilistic reconstruction of the areas invaded by the dense current of the 1930 PDC event, showing the likelihood of exceeding (a) 0.1 and (b) 1 m flow thickness threshold during the entire propagation. In panel (c) we show the mean value of maximum flow thickness, and in panel (d) the mean value of the maximum…

Fig. 9. a) Simplifield paleogeographic reconstruction of the eastern Mediterranean region during the middle Burdigalian, modified from Palcu et al. (2023). The figure illustrates the terminal stage of Neo-Tethys marine connectivity and the early collision between Arabia and Anatolia. Magmatism north of the Zagros suture is represented as localized…

Figure 3 Composite sequence tephrostratigraphy for the studied Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 interval. The figure illustrates the stratigraphic positions of the studied tephra layers plotted against composite depth (m). High-resolution photographs display representative tephra layers from core C1-C2 (highlighted by red rectangles), illustrating their primary stratigraphic features and visual…